The Bonds of Womanhood by Nancy Cott

The Bonds of Womanhood by Nancy Cott Nancy Cott, the writer and editor of The Bonds of Womanhood, aimed at analyzing the lives of American women in the 19th century and also discussing on the thought of separate spheres. She also involved true womanhood cult in the context of his book. Cotts book covers a social history that took place in New England between 1780 and 1835. Her research work covers personal narratives as well as prescriptive literature. The writer was inspired by the fact that during the 19th century women were idealized by men as godly mothers and ideal examples of virtue. She introduced the principle of domesticity which tackles the idea of women providing a happy environment or rather sanctuary for men while at home. In most occasions, women were idealized and marginalized by men in the society. The writer in this case portrays women as domestic defenders according to the way they were being treated during that period. In this case, women are not treated as passive victims by the author but instead sh e uses women to indicate true womanhood by the way they actively helped in creating an ideal vision of being a woman. This paper will primarily focus on Nancy Cotts book The Bonds of Womanhood that covers the aspect of womans Sphere during the 19th century period in New England. Womens Sphere in the Bonds of Womanhood This book is a classic work established by Nancy Cott relating to the history of women in the 19th century. Cott remains the best historian of oppression and womens bond. She also foresaw domesticity bond tendency that led to feminism about 20 years ago. Her work has become an inspiration to most women and creates a way through which women can be understood easily by the society. Looking at the preface of the book, issues are raised that are of contemporary importance to every reader of this book. Cott lays most of her emphasis on the voices of women which acts as her primary source when writing the book. Nancy Cott builds a sense of different forms that resulted to the oppression of women. In addition, Cott tries to highlight the role that women took in America during the age of early capitalism. The author uses her collection to mark the beginning of her appreciation on the changes brought about by the growth of capitalism during the early nineteenth century in America. In her study work, Cott examines changes that occurred in the society between 1785 and 1830. The author compared different family types that existed in New England during that time period putting into consideration records and diaries written by women. Cott puts forward that a separate sphere for women was created following the market revolution that took place in America during the early stages. The womens sphere was domesticity that behaved as a form of feminist space. Whats more is that she outlines a private sphere to indicate a separate sphere where women were positioned. With relation to the private sphere, the authors argument is that it can also be phrased as a domesticity cult. Nancy Cott highlights that movements of proto-feminism were brought about through acts of women forging bonds via associate homemakers and churches as a result of domesticity cult in early nineteenth century. Additionally, Cotts intention was to define the role that women took before mid 19th century. She used journals and letters written by New England Women. The author incorporates several women aspects that took place during the late 18th century and early 19th century. Her first part of study is the work area. She points out that looking at the economic life; women appeared to be more secondary than men. On top of this is that a womans earnings and property were considered to belong to the husband or any other male relative. According to Cott, the work for women was more need driven as compared to mens work which was time disciplined, regulated and constrained. With time, womens work became seasonally determined which differed depending on family needs. She goes on further to accede that women who were young and unmarried had more flexibility in terms of employment especially in teaching areas and textile mills. Nonetheless, she argues that work done was intended to generate income fo r the family and not for personal support. Nancy Cott keeps her perspective by examining the impact on women especially as they were left at home by male exodus who considered themselves as breadwinners. Her point was that while women labored more at home, men worked outside homes as a sign of toil division that was based on gender differences. The authors view on domesticity features on the need for a womans commitment to married life and family be it an extended family or a nuclear family of close blood relations. Cotts way of thought is that during this period, the roles carried out by married women started to resemble those of men. Her definition of domesticity is a womans ability to manage a home, organize tasks and establish an economical household which becomes time disciplined and well regulated. With relation to Cotts findings, the role of mothers was placed at a higher relief following the loss of women acting as providers and domestic manufacturers. Cott considers that the future of the generation to come depends on how mothers attend to their children. The author foresees an increase in opportunities in fields of religious expression and education as a result of encouragement. Women who were young and unmarried got the chance to teach girls schools. The overall idea was to support future mothers who would educate the future citizens as the number grew. This led to the growth of women scholars as well as teachers. This broadened the curricula for young women who had accomplished their education. Furthermore, new authors were hosted following an increase in literacy that came about due to increased education. This led to the expansion of publishing industry with the majority being women. Cott continues to emphasize on how the model of religion that came into being established opportunities for the women in particular to move to the sphere of publicity as guardians for morals and reformers. Conclusion Cott focused on the theme of moral authority as seen in many families in modern society. This has caused a lot of questions to arise among many scholars. Nancy Cott applied the concept of having womens sphere to indicate the importance of female gender in the society inclusive of evangelical Christianity. This promotes women in areas which they are deemed with relation to their sex. According to Cott, the bonds declared by the society for womens activities strengthened the sisterhood connection between women. This helped in perpetuation of the bond that restricted women in their sphere.

GCSE Geographical Investigation

Managing Resources There is a need to manage, preserve and enhance the environment (built and natural) to maintain the tourist trade. This can be achieved in a variety of ways. The Growth in tourism There has been a steady but dramatic increase in tourism since the 1920/1930's. This was due to the increase and availability of cars for the average family. As families began to develop more and more disposable income in which they could use to buy cars etc. With this came family individuality, this meant that family's who wanted to go out into the countryside didn't have to wait for a long and uncomfortable bus journey to get into places of natural beauty. The questions that I will be answering in my essay are as follows: 1) Is there a need for conservation and stewardship in the Upper Derwent Valley? 2) Is the area managed in order to conserve the environment in the Upper Derwent Valley? 3) Does the Upper Derwnet Valley have some or all the features of a honeypot location? How will answering these questions help me to investigate my title? By answering these questions I will gather evidence and information about the Upper Derwent Valley, I will then be able to decide whether there is a need for management or stewardship in certain areas of the Upper Derwent Valley. Background Information Over 100 years ago the Derwent Valley in North Derbyshire was identified as having all the necessary attributes for water storage to satisfy the growing needs of the local population and industry in North Derbyshire, Sheffield, Nottingham, Derby and Leicester, the valley being deep and long, surrounded by grit stone edges with narrow points for dam building, and having a high rainfall. This valley close to Sheffield is now extremely popular with visitors who come to enjoy the attractive mix of water and woodland within the surrounding moorland. The road winds up the left flank of Lady bower, Derwent and Howden Reservoirs for nearly 8 miles to a turnaround at King's Tree. Here are some interesting facts about the famous reservoirs in the Upper Derwent valley: Catchment area 19,850 hectares Reservoir capacity 463692 million litres (3 reservoirs) Treatment works Yorkshire Bridge, opened 1929 Water filtered, chlorine added and pH corrected Bamford Stage I opened 1948 Bamford Stage II opened 1967 Where the water goes: (millions of liters) 450 (untreated) Sheffield 172 (treated) 77 Derbyshire 68 Leicester 27 Nottingham The Dambusters Derwent reservoir was used by the RAF's Dambusters to practise their low level flying techniques during 1943, in preparation for delivering Barnes Wallis' famous ‘bouncing bombs' to German dams. Located in the West Tower of the Derwent Valley Dam is the Derwent Dam (617 Squadron) Museum which houses a collection of memorabilia dedicated to the famous Dams Raid carried out by 617 Dambusters Squadron. It includes photographs and other material covering all aspects of the Dams Raid

conflict resolution Essay - 8130 Words

The Dynamics of Conflict Resolution A Practioners Guide Bernard S. Mayer Chapter One The Nature of Conflict We all are of two minds about conflict. We say that conflict is natural, inevitable, necessary, and normal, and that the problem is not the existence of conflict but how we handle it. But we are also loath to admit that we are in the midst of conflict. Parents assure their children that the ferocious argument the parents are having is not a conflict, just a discussion. Organizations will hire facilitators to guide them in strategic planning, goal setting, quality circles, team building, and all manner of training, but they shy away from asking for help with internal conflicts. Somehow, to say that we are in conflict is†¦show more content†¦If I believe us to have incompatible interests, and act accordingly, then I am engaging you in a conflict process whether you share this perception or not. Conflict as Feeling Conflict also involves an emotional reaction to a situation or interaction that signals a disagreement of some kind. The emotions felt might be fear, sadness, bitterness, anger, or hopelessness, or some amalgam of these. If we experience these feelings in regard to another person or situation, we feel that we are in conflict-and therefore we are. As a mediator, I have sometimes seen people behave as if they were in great disagreement over profound issues, yet I have not been able to ascertain exactly what they disagreed about. Nonetheless, they were in conflict because they felt they were. And in conflicts, it does not take two to tango. Often a conflict exists because one person feels in conflict with another, even though those feelings are not reciprocated by or even known to the other person. The behavioral component may be minimal, but the conflict is still very real to the person experiencing the feelings. Conflict as Action Conflict also consists of the actions that we take to express our feelings, articulate our perceptions, and get our needs met in a way that has the potential for interfering with someone elses ability to get his or her needs met. This conflictShow MoreRelated Conflict Resolution Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pages Major conflict that is not dealt with can devastate a team or organization (Make Conflict Work, 2008). In some situations, conflict can be more constructive than destructive. Recognizing the difference between conflict that is constructive to the team and conflict that is destructive to the team is important. Trying to prevent the conflict is not always the best way to manage conflict when working within a team setting. Understanding conflict, what causes it, and how to resolve conflict effectivelyRead MoreConflict Resolution : Conflicts Resolution988 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes to conflict resolution there are several ways to handle this. There’ve been several times that I’ve had to deal with conflict resolution. Conflict resolution also has several tips that you can learn to be able to handle a conflict. A conflict resolution can be handled in a positive way or a negative way. What is conflict resolution? In Community Tool Box it states â€Å"Conflict resolution is a way for two or more parties to find a peaceful solution to a disagreement among them. The disagreementRead More Conflict Resolution Essay614 Words   |  3 Pages Conflict Resolution nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What does conflict resolution mean to me? Conflict resolution is when an impartial or neutral person puts a plan into action to resolve and settle issues within an organization or a team. In the business world today a great amount of focus is being placed on employees working as team unit to increase new ideas, distribute more job responsibilities among a larger group, and most important create a unified front and camaraderie. Along with advantagesRead More Conflict Resolution Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pagesprofessional to personal, they are all prone to encountering some form of conflict. John Dewey has designed a problem solving sequence with 6 (six) steps, listed and explained below, to facilitate resolution of these conflicts. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Since the way one deals with conflict within the relationship will affect how the relationship progresses, it is vital that one posse all the necessary skills to resolve conflict in a way that brings satisfaction to everyone involved. Dewey’s stepsRead MoreThe Family Mediation And Conflict Resolution Process4320 Words   |  18 Pagesmediation and conflict resolution process and techniques. The student endeavored on an educational journey to study mediation within the context of families as a means of resolving conflicts without resort to adversarial means such as litigation. Focus and attention was given to family dynamics, child development, the Texas Family Code, family violence, and facilitating of communication and dispute resolution. The components and benefits of family mediation and conflict resolution were introducedRead MoreConflict Resolution934 Words   |  4 Pagesto them she has licence and authority to watch them as she is their supervisor and they have to obey her commands. This statmemt of her escalted the whole issue and continued for a long time. This situation turned in to a big arguments and conflict that it had a great imapct on the productivity of work. There was a big loss of components as they were not able to process in a timely manner. Next day the staff meeting was called on by Manager and all the night staff were called to attendRead MoreConflict Resolution Strategies Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesConflict Resolution Strategies Conflict has long been viewed as negative, and is usually associated with things as trivial as an argument to something as extreme as war, and is seldom seen as beneficial. In the team environment however, conflict can be very beneficial if recognized early and managed properly and can enhance team performance as well as relationships between team members. Conflict is inevitable as humans interact, because not everyone shares the same beliefs, values, opinions, levelRead MoreInterpersonal Communication And Conflict Resolution1439 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch resources that helped me understand my interpersonal communication topic, Conflict Management, and how theories, relevant skills and strategies can play a big role throughout the resolution and frequency of conflict among my peers. Personality Types and Development of Adolescents’ Conflict with Friends This study aimed to examine the developmental pattern of adolescents’ conflict frequency and conflict resolution with their best friends, and differences in these developmental changes betweenRead MoreConflict Resolution1281 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Everyone faces conflict in their lives on a daily basis. It is an accepted and expected part of life. Conflict is not a problem in itself - it is what we do with it that counts. You cant avoid conflict in your life, at home, at work, and even at play. Wherever people interact, there is a potential for conflict. That is not bad news because good things can arise, and relationships can improve through conflict, provided conflict is managed with thought and attention. The bad newsRead MoreThird Party Conflict Resolution2113 Words   |  9 PagesThird Party Conflict Resolution MGT/445 Organizational Negotiations March 11, 2013 | | | | Third Party Conflict Resolution

A Teacher Must Understand The Diverse World We Live

A teacher must understand the diverse world we live in; a teacher must also understand that with that diverse world come many different teaching situations that he or she will need to be prepared for prior to beginning teaching. As a teacher in 2016 and beyond, students from every culture and country could be present in a classroom, so preparation and understanding are key. Within those cultures, there will also be students who identify with subcultures. A teacher will not be successful as such if they cannot understand and respect each student s uniqueness. With that being said, they must also teach others to respect those unique qualities as well. Teachers are often responsible for students of different religions, students who may not have English spoken in their home and students who have come from varied ethnical backgrounds. Because in today’s society, the acceptance of diverse lifestyles are growing more students are openly expressing their personal choices to be LBGTQ (Lesbian, Bi, Gay, Transgendered or Questioning). Another diverse subculture teachers are facing is the rising population of homeless students. Today’s teachers are facing in abundance, students who identify on the LBGTQ spectrum as well as students whose home circumstances leave them in poverty and specifically homeless, both area’s present an opportunity for the teacher as well as her class to practice positive acceptance skills and expand each person’s diversity consciousness as well as developShow MoreRelatedEssay on Cultural Diversity Today?s Teacher1573 Words   |  7 Pages Cultural Diversity amp; Today’s Teacher Education in America has evolved through out its history and has become a major necessity to excel in the work force, just imagine 100 years ago graduating high school in many areas was rare, twenty-five years ago a high school diploma was a must to find a good job and now college and mostly likely grad school is expected by many young adults in order to ensure financial security in life. So if education is evolving then the instructors which provide theRead MoreProfessionalism, Gender, Ethnicity, Or Sexual Preference? Essay1060 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch and consulting with people in those cultures. Professionalism is also understanding the gender roles, sexualities, and families of the students in my classroom. A professional classroom teacher must be open-minded and non-biased towards their students and their families. A professional classroom teacher must not let their own personal views affect their relationship with their students, their families, and their colleagues. Professionalism to me means treating every student, parent, and colleagueRead MoreScholarly Articles On Teaching And Learning1305 Words   |  6 Pageshow the strategies address the needs of diverse students in the English discipline. Issues within the English Discipline The teaching of English in the high school across the United States has changed tremendously. Many of the issues are familiar but complex. Teaching and learning issues that English teachers face consist of the following: overcrowded classrooms, students with poor reading, and vocabulary skills etc. Regardless of the challenges, teachers are still held responsible for the growthRead MoreShould Teachers Be Sensitive And Culturally Diverse Classrooms?1395 Words   |  6 PagesIn the 21st century, teachers will be standing in front of many more racially and culturally diverse classrooms than ever before. Teachers now need to be more aware of culture in their classrooms more than teachers before them. In light of this, it is important to be able to be sensitive and aware of the needs of such diverse students. Teachers also have to be sensitive to the social and family issues of their students. In this new age of teaching, educators now have the ability to save childrenRead MoreThe Popu lation Of The United States1670 Words   |  7 Pagessociety, we are still seeing a small margin of minorities choosing to become teachers. In fact, the teacher-student diversity gap is growing every year. On top of a lack of minority educators in the field, there is also a lack of proper preparation for white teachers who are working in diverse classrooms. In our transforming society, we need highly informed and diverse teachers who will embrace and encourage cultural diversity. In order to understand the implications of this paper, we must firstRead MoreHow Art Improves Our Lives831 Words   |  4 Pagesresponse to life. It improves our existence by enhancing, changing and perpetuating our cultural composition. â€Å"The great artist knows how to impose their particular illusion on the rest of mankind,† proclaimed Guy de Mauspassant. Art improves our lives by directly and indirectly lift the morale of individuals, creating unity and social solidarity. Art creates awareness of social issues. Art may express and reflect the religious, political, and economical aspects of cultures. Art is and can be whatRead MoreCulture Is Central For Learning1500 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Culturally Responsive teaching is improving the school success of ethnically diverse students. Culturally responsive teaching prepares teachers in preservice education programs with knowledge, attitude, and skills that will be needed to improve the schools ethnically diverse students. It is recognizing the importance of including students in cultural references in all aspects of learning. Teachers now have to completely reshape the curriculum now; students are learning within the contextRead MoreWhat Did I Learn?895 Words   |  4 PagesWhat did I learn? Today’s society is inundated with a wide range of diverse people. These individuals have various backgrounds and experiences that make our country a true melting pot. In many parts of our nation one will find Hispanics, African Americans, Asians, Muslims, Christians, Jews, rich, poor, and many more diverse people. Since the immigrant population is continuously growing, some school districts’ student population will be made up of over fifty percent kids of color. In some casesRead MoreRacial Awareness And Racism And Stereotypes1529 Words   |  7 PagesEducators typically want students to become citizens who can successfully interact with a diverse world. But, how can we educate students in a way that can inspire them to accept and understand a range of people and cultures as well as counter racism and stereotypes? It all begins with the educators themselves having an open mind about different races, as they should act as models to the students. I believe that if teach ers educate and enlighten their students about race and cultures, it would lower the chancesRead MoreI.Introduction. Cultural Competence Is The Foundation In1567 Words   |  7 Pagesthe foundation in creating a successful academic environment for diverse students. Being culturally competent means being knowledgeable of other cultures, including the awareness of that culture’s world view. When someone is culturally competent they are able to effectively communicate and interact with people across cultures, and hold a positive attitude towards culture differences. (Nieto 2014) Teachers should be able to understand their student’s cultural views, traditions, language, and home life

Module 7 Leadership Development - 1528 Words

MODULE 7: LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT Leader development and leadership development is important from both a personal and an organizational aspect. (Hackman Johnson, 2013) states that, â€Å"Leader development promotes personal growth† and â€Å"Leadership development promotes organizational growth†. Leader development is an ongoing process that continues throughout life. Because leadership skills can be learned and/or developed, as you take on different leadership roles and other leadership opportunities your leadership skills will improve. This in turn will help you to become a better leader. Chapter 12: A Proactive Approach to Leader Development Chapter 12 covers a range of different topics related to leader and leadership development. In†¦show more content†¦These functions include career functions, which focuses on the mentee’s career advancement and psychosocial functions, which focuses on both the mentor and the mentee’s â€Å"sense of competence and self worth† (Hackman Johnson, 2013). They broke down the different aspects involved in the two mentor functions. They highlighted that career functions involve â€Å"Sponsorship†, â€Å"Coaching†, â€Å"Protection†, and â€Å"Challenging assignments and psychosocial functions involve â€Å"Role modeling†, â€Å"Acceptance and confirmation†, â€Å"Counseling†, and â€Å"Friendship†. In addition to this, some of the many benefits that mentees typically incur from mentorship were discussed. Some of the benefits highlighted included better pay, more frequent job advancements, better job satisfaction and more recognition. Although mentees benefit in a number of ways from mentorship, the authors also talked about the many ways an organization as well as mentors themselves benefit from mentorship. Just as there are several advantages and/or benefits to mentoring programs, there are also challenges that may be incurred. Some of the issues and challenges discussed involved mentors engaging in â€Å"distancing or manipulative behaviors† and incompatible pairings of mentors and mentees (Hackman Johnson, 2013). Additionally, the authors considered some the components generally included in improved mentorship programs that help to minimize mentorship issues andShow MoreRelatedLeadership And Organizational Development. †¢During Q2 A1031 Words   |  5 Pag esLeadership and Organizational Development †¢ During Q2 a number of initiatives were undertaken for the development of executive and director level employees within the organization. Jon Benfer (Arbinger) initiated executive coaching for Don Ritter. David Kirby attended AMA’s Developing Executive Leadership course on April 24-26, 2017 in Dallas, TX. A CheckPoint 360Ëš assessment was initiated for Mark Mulholland. Respondent groups were identified for CheckPoint 360Ëš assessments for members of the executiveRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Transformational Leader802 Words   |  4 Pagesconcepts listed below. In Module 3, I learned what a Transformational Leader is and why this is the leadership style to strive for. A Transformational Leader molds their subordinates and allows them to grow within themselves. Subordinates and peers enjoy working with and for this type of leader, which improves the work center and relationships. This type of leadership style leaves a positive experience on others and encourages them to imitate this positive behavior. In Module 5, I learned the ThreeRead MoreAn Organization For A Volunteer Program1036 Words   |  5 Pagesemphasised and expands on community development. These three topics were Module’s 10 look at Organizations and their Nonprofit associated organizations, Volunteerism which is taken from Module 8; that as a community developer I would argue and recommend that every organization and institution needs to have volunteer program. The application of these above topics in an organization can increase [Module 7’s] Entrepreneurial Leadership, which in turn impacts the Economic Development of the community and societyRead MoreHigh Noon at Alpha Mill Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagescompetencies and management skill for managerial and leadership effectiveness; differing skill requirements within different management context 2. The centrality of diversity within organisations including cultural, inter-cultural, gender and the issue of ethics 3. Behavioural change theories and the experiential/group learning model 4. Theories of human development; managing personal change and the centrality of self-awareness in personal development 5. Goal setting, stress management, time management Read MoreOL 125 Syllabus 11213 Words   |  5 PagesOnline Course Prerequisites None Course Description This course explores the human relations and interaction skills necessary for effective human resource management and increased productivity. Skill areas include leadership, motivation, communications, group dynamics, organizational development, management by objectives, and stress and time management. Students learn techniques for becoming more effective managers, subordinates, peers, and persons. Students are introduced to the international aspectsRead MoreA Typical Design : Summative Case Analysis1211 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual development, specifically to address translation of strategic operational terms, alignment of organizational strategies, instill strategy in everyday job, continuously practice the processes of strategies, and mobilize changes in leadership (as noted in Kaplan Norton, 2001). However, it becomes greater in purposefulness when [any] organization is concerned about necessary changes, in conjunction with keeping constant and current with expectative workforce innovations and leadership. ThereforeRead MoreWhat Is The Preparation Of Newsletters : Brexit?1595 Words   |  7 PagesWord draft with the GD for creating the design and content layout. 6. For developing a quality document, the layout draft of the newsletter will be shared with the CE team (TCS Proposal Factory) for checking the content for grammar and language errors. 7. The PW will incorporate the suggestions provided by the Copy Editor and share the annotated, proof-read draft with the GD to update the layout draft. 8. The revised layout draft will be peer reviewed internally, and the review comments will be incorporatedRead MorePRS Coursework 11224 Words   |  5 PagesThis reflective paper aims at analyzing my learning experience in the Personal and Research Skills module and how these experiences are likely to help both my post graduate study at The Robert Gordon University and my future career. During my post graduate studies at The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Personal and Research Skills was one of the four modules I took in the first semester. This module invoked a mixed feeling of anxiety and eagerness to learn more about effective learning skills, criticalRead MoreSynthesis Essay : Colin Powell1653 Words   |  7 PagesColin Powell MSgt Cory L. Shipp Class 17A Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy 21 November 2016 Colin Powell Most people recognize Colin Powell as one of the most admired and popular leaders of our time. Often times in leadership you will not always be popular or admired, so what makes this leader different? It was those core values ingrained in him at early age by his parents that would shape him as a future leader (Koltz Powell, 2012). As with any great leader he’sRead MoreOperational Skills1372 Words   |  6 Pagesresults. Despite the emphasis on leadership in recent years, mastery of these operational tasks is still a core requirement of a manager-leader’s role, and a requirement for moving on to higher responsibility. Operational management seems straightforward, but as most managers find out, it’s harder than it looks. Operational Management mastery brings three major benefits: †¢ Improved outputs from your area of responsibility †¢ More time available to devote to leadership and collaboration with other departments

Itunes Music Pricing Free Essays

Josefina Anorga Carlos Albizu University iTunes Music Pricing Adopting a variable pricing policy might increase the sales revenue of Apple’s Music Store. Pricing the more popular songs at a higher price and the less popular ones at a lesser rate would generate higher sales for the lesser popular ones. Thus making up for the slight drop in sales of expensive tracks and ultimately working towards overall increased revenues. We will write a custom essay sample on Itunes Music Pricing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although most songs with a higher price point experienced nearly 21 % drop in sales, the 29 % increase in price made up for the loss. Moreover, sales for the top 40 songs have a relatively inelastic demand and are expected to be unaffected by the price rise. The customers of these popular songs are price-insensitive and hence make a greater contribution to the increased revenues since the optimal price can be marked at a value much higher than the marginal cost. With the tiered pricing structure, iTunes Music Store would also be able to tackle the increasing competition by the major wireless companies offering downloadable music to the cell phone subscribers. Variable pricing intelligently supports the maximized returns by allowing the company to adjust the value of per-unit prices to increase revenues and encourage the potential customers to be allured by the lowered prices of specific tracks. Apple’s iTunes Music Store might adopt other strategies such as Product Bundle Pricing strategy to make a bundle of different songs (both popular and less popular tracks) and sell them at reduced prices. This will not only help the sales of the slow moving sound tracks, but also work as a revenue generator by way of alluring potential consumers. The bundling strategy will help in increasing profits by extracting additional consumer surplus. Another strategy that the company may adopt is the captive pricing policy. This approach will require the company to charge higher prices for the songs since they can only be downloaded exclusively on the iPod. This will ensure higher revenue from the existing customer downloads, however the company might not be able to increase the iPod sales following this pricing policy. The company may implement promotional pricing strategies such as offering some specific songs at discounted prices along with the purchase of the new iPods. This would not only boost the sales of the iPods, it would also attract the customers to buy the usually expensive songs at discounted rates. This would directly promote the music sales thus increasing revenues. While the variable pricing strategy is seen as way to increase revenue, the sophisticated pricing structure poses high risks and potential costs to the company. With the advent of the information technology and the rise in the unauthorized file swapping networks, the company is already at a high risk of losing consumers, who can easily download pirated music free of cost. Moreover, since a major share (about $0. 70) of the revenue per song goes to the record companies that have the right to the songs and the iTunes Music Store gets a very small share of the profit from the downloaded music, the company cannot afford to lose profits from the sales of iPods. A complicated pricing structure poses a great risk of losing the customers to other companies, which will adversely affect the sales of the iPods also. With the music companies tying up with other competitors such as Amazon. om, who sell the music catalogs wrapped in digital rights management software, implementing the complicated pricing, would only mean losing the sales and promoting the unethical practice of unauthorized free downloads. Apple’s pricing objective of flat pricing is not directed at maximizing revenues due to the sale of downloaded music. The company is enticed to sell the downloaded music at low prices in order to promote the sale of iPods. Apple follows a profit maximizing policy for the iPods revenue stream and so follows a stable policy for the attracting the customers by a flat price for the downloaded music. However, the record companies are only concerned about maximizing revenues from the downloaded music and they are not concerned about the revenue from the sale of iPod. The iTunes Music store is a service that Apple offers to its consumers who wish to buy the third party music and audio books over the internet. Moreover, with no subscription fee and broad range of personal rights being offered with the music content, including playing the music on an unlimited number of iPods, Apple is clearly not focused at generating increased revenues through music downloads (Forms 10-K). Apple’s ability to control the pricing of downloaded music is likely to change in the future. Third party content providers require Apple to provide variable pricing policy along with adequate security mechanism. If the company continues to focus on revenue maximization of iPod hardware sales considering the music content download as a peripheral business activity, the recording companies might get agitated due to the absence in increased revenues. The company might lose its leverage over music companies owing to the increasing competition. With other companies like Amazon ready to sell the music with embedded security features, the music companies are likely to collaborate with companies thus adversely affecting iTunes Music store business. References Forms 10-K, United States Securities and Exchange Commission: Apple Computer, Inc. Retrieved on August 18, 2010 from http://www. sec. gov/Archives/edgar/data/320193/000104746904035975/a2147337z10-k. htm How to cite Itunes Music Pricing, Papers

Social Work and Community Immersion free essay sample

Community Immersion Experience Hilario Galvan University of Southern California Policy and Practice in Social Service Organizations SOWK 534 Mike Jackson, PhD September 27, 2011 Introduction In many social work programs the concept of community immersion is an important aspect of their program and beneficial to the students. The University of Southern California (USC) and its School of Social Work is no exception to this training, thus community immersion is a mandatory requirement for accepted students. Community immersion gives students the opportunity to explore the idea of community and concepts of community. Netting, Kettner, and McMurtry (2008) define community as â€Å"that combination of social units and systems that perform the major social functions relevant to meeting people’s needs on a local level† (p. 130). People live in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and across many countries as a result, people’s residences are diverse and vary in location; thus, social workers must be aware of the types of communities that exist in societies. Geographical, identification and interest, and collective relationships of an individual are different types of communities social workers may encounter and provide social services. Netting et al. (2008) state, a geographical community is a place that meets people’s needs for sustenance, such as neighborhoods and cities; communities of identification and interest (functional communities) are a nongeographic community based on identification and interest for example, religious groups or ethnicity (p. 131-133). Last, a community based on collective relationships of an individual is a type of community that offers importance and meaning to an individual’s identity; for example, professional colleagues and personal friends give meaning to one’s identity (Netting et al. 2008, p. 133). From the different types of community mentioned, the City of Compton will be analyzed from a geographical community perspective; in addition, systems theory complements the type of community Compton portrays, this theory helps one understand a macro (large-scale) approach to Compton. Systems theory contends multiple parts exist of any entity (may represent a group o r a community) and entities are systems with interconnecting components, such as an international corporation or a family (Netting et al. , 2008, p. 11). Furthermore, â€Å"a system is a set of elements that are orderly an interrelated to make a functional whole† (Zastro Kirst-Ashman, 2010, p. 21). During the community immersion, it was noticeable that Compton had multiple parts to existing entities that have an interrelated relationship for Compton to function as a whole. For example, representing the City Council was Dr. Willie Jones, Councilman District 4, who spoke to one’s group at city hall. He stated public safety, economic development, and partnering with the local schools for the benefit of youth in Compton were his priorities. In regard, to systems theory Dr. Jones, public safety, economic development, and partnering with schools are all interconnected systems that work as a whole to serve the people in the community, but Compton also relies on and need outside resource entities, such as state and federal funds. Social workers must understand communities and the interrelated relationship that exists between people and their community. This notion is important to social workers because, at some point or another, throughout their career one will encounter a large-scale intervention is the best route to a needed or a problem in the community (Netting et al. 2008, p. 3). To implement macro intervention social workers need to grasp the community’s history, beliefs, ethics, and values. This paper will briefly examine Compton through a general description of the community immersion, community structure, and community characteristics. General Description of the Immersion Community The City of Compton fits the geographical community type be cause the city varies â€Å"in how it meets people’s needs, how social interactions are patterned, and how collective identity is perceived† (Netting et al. 2008, p. 131). For instance, one’s group was invited to observe the Salvation Army’s operation, walk through the property and take notice of the programs offered to meet the various needs of the community. The Salvation Army is a Christian faith-based organization that offers a professional size basketball court for youth to use after school, provide resources to help families transition into stable housing and increased income levels. This ystem also offer care and aid for homeless people, and the Salvation Armys Adult Rehabilitation Centers (ARCs) help those with drug and alcohol addiction. These are some of various means this city meets its people’s needs (Salvation Army,† August, 2011). The geographical boundaries of Compton are bordered by Willowbrook on the north, northwest is West Compton, on the west is Carson city, on the southwest is Rancho Dominguez on the south Long Beach city, on the southeast Paramount city, and East Compton on the east, last, the city of Lynwood is on the northeast (Google Maps, 2011). According to the United States Census Bureau (2010), Some of Compton’s demographics are as follows: Compton is 2000 (square miles), Population in 2010 is 96,455, the median age is 28 years old, Hispanic or Latino population is 62,669 or 65. 0%, White population is 24,942 or 25. 9%, Black or African American population is 31,688 or 32. 9%, unemployed 11. 3%, employed 16,299, average income 18,394 with families; language spoken at home other than English 49,086, and college or graduate school is 5,588 of the total population. During the 1950s to early 1970s Compton city was a commercial district for many companies; in the late 70s Compton began a major shift change, robberies and constant gang violence spread from Los Angeles to Compton. The main criminals on the street were the Bloods and Crips; thus, business moved and avoided problems (Camarillo, 1991, p. 79). During the late 80s early 90s Mayor Omar Bradley helped Compton metamorphosized slowly; he implemented a new Compton Town Center welcomed the blue line railroad in Los Angeles to run through Compton (Camarillo, 1991, p. 79). These positives steps lead to the current theme of the city called â€Å"Birthing a New Compton. † This is the phrase many residents, business owners, and members of the city council said in the community immersion. The Salvation Army representatives explained the backbone of the theme is to restore pride, quality of life and economic growth in the city and its residents. Community Structure Compton has a main political body that comprises of Eric J. Perrodin, Mayor, Janna Zurita, Councilwoman District 1, Lillie Dobson, Councilwoman District 2, Yvonne Arceneaux, Councilwoman District 3, and Dr. Willie O. Jones, Councilman District 4. Walking through the streets of Compton interviewing people, the question how they feel about their political leaders? Loraine, a community activist, stated, â€Å"I’ve been waiting for the city council to do the right thing for 40 years. † After interviewing several people on the street, one concluded, the city council is not very well liked, and the council has yet to create good paying jobs in the city. On the other hand, the meeting with Dr. Willie O. Jones and other representatives of the city viewed the Compton as having well-paying jobs. On a side note, through observation, the city has approximately 50% or more of population that is Hispanic or Latino and no representation seemed to be present on the city council. Churches in this community are central social structures that symbolize hope for the people of Compton. Many of the working peoples no matter status or position in the community, such as a business owner, cahier clerk, or a security guard they had a Christian based outlook on life. The repeating theme, from people interviewed on the street, was no matter what happened or is occurring in Compton never lose your faith in Jesus Christ. Some people who were dependent on welfare explained the assistance was not enough and help to get a job was decent but getting a job means getting a low paying job and one could not survive on this job alone. According to Seccombe (2011) welfare was established in 1935 and originally called Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) and the primary focus was single mothers (p. 29). Today, many single mothers may need help from government agencies, but with support from entities, such as friends, churches, and neighbors that are interconnected single parents are able to survive. Community Characteristics In the city hall meeting Dr. Jones and city representatives stated Compton was recently designated as an â€Å"entrepreneurial hot spot. † The citys Planning and Economic Development department provides a business assistance program consisting of a comprehensive mix of resources to small business owners and entrepreneurs (City of Compton, 2011). Indeed one may deduce Compton is a business hot spot, as one walked the streets of the city it was obvious per the signs reputable stores catered to the residents of the community. Noted stores, such as Target, Home Depot, Starbucks, Best Buy, and The Burlington Coat Factory; in addition, Derek R. Hull, Planning and Economic Development, director expressed at the city hall meeting that the grocery chains Ralphs and Food 4 Less, subsidiaries of Krogers, is headquartered in Compton, and Gelsons Market, a subsidiary of Arden Group, Inc. , is also established in Compton. As mentioned before Dr. Jones emphasized education is a priority for him and to partner up with schools for the benefit of children resonated in one’s mind. To partner with the schools he will probably have to take into account the large-scale task it demands. The Compton Unified School District (CUSD) provides public education for grades K-12; the district is comprised of 24 elementary schools, eight middle schools, three high schools, and one adult school, which also serves as an alternative school and El Camino Compton Education Center offer community college courses for those seeking to enter a four-year degree program (City of Compton, 2011). An important characteristic of Compton is many of the social services provided with in the community come from the Salvation Army, churches, and the cities’ court provides help in properly filling out legal documents. Despite all the help Compton’s residents have it is not enough, the issues and problems the city deals with is also their weakness. Poverty and education are the leading problems that become Compton’s weaknesses. Other issue this community must address is the prostitution, and awareness of the major cultural change occurring in the city. Conclusion This community immersion provided an atmosphere for first-year students, at USC, to meet their new classmates, faculty, and administrative staff members in a relaxed and informal setting. Social workers must be aware of the types of communities that exist in societies because a macro-level intervention is the correct approach to a need or a problem. The community immersion at city hall revealed that community politicians, citizens, and the agencies that provide social services, all perceive the cities needs and solutions differently. Thus, as one prepares to be a future social worker, helping a community encompasses awareness of cultural history, focus on the challenges communities present, and be extremely resourceful, especially when it comes to money for public use. http://maps. google. com/maps? hl=entab=wl https://www.atlas-sys.com/ares/ http://www.salvationarmy-socal.org/ https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/using_factfinder.xhtml